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Among the numerous schools of wood carving active during the 13th century, an "Antelami" trend opposed to French or Byzantine tendencies may be distinguished. The Virgin and St John at Tivoli translate into a popular and more naturalistic idiom the refined models of the Parma Deposition. Contrary to what occurred in other countries - in Spain for example - the art of these popular imagemakers borrows from the more sophisticated forms without altering their spirit. In Italy, the taste for statuary and for a certain type of classicism was perpetuated in pious images and in the ornamentation of church furniture.
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